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07030248044ABSTRACT
The study investigated the Middle East conflicts and response analysis in Nigeria. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature was reviewed. Asurvey was used in this study to sample the opinion of respondents. This method involved random selection of respondents who were administered with questionnaires. Relevant conceptual, theoretical and empirical literature was reviewed. The target population of the study comprised selected the Federal Ministry of Environment in Abuja, Nigeria. The questionnaire administered was four hundred (400) copies and three hundred and ninety-eight copies (389) retrieved which constitute the sample size. The descriptive and analytical approach was adopted using Chi-square to test and analyze the hypotheses earlier stated. Findings revealed that there is a significant effects of Middle East conflicts on the economic growth of Nigeria. Findings of the study also reveals that there is a political manipulation is one of the factors that lead to the Middle East conflicts in Nigeria. Findings of the study also reveals that communities in conflict-affected areas live in constant fear due to violence, attacks, and displacement. Findings of the study also reveals that providingstate-level peacebuilding agencies is one of measures has Nigeria taken to mitigate the impact of Middle East conflicts. Findings further showed that environmental management and resource allocation is one of measures has Nigeria taken to mitigate the impact of Middle East conflicts. The result also showed that community engagement and dialogue is one of measures has Nigeria taken to mitigate the impact of Middle East conflicts. It was concluded that Middle East conflicts significant affect the responses analysis in Nigeria. It was recommended that the Nigeria government should invocate on the citizenry nationalist spirit. They should preach to the society the need to unite as one and the need to tolerate one other irrespective of the differences in ethnic orientation and religious set up.
Introduction
Background of the Study
Several African nations experienced a surge of independence in the 1960s, but the continent is still having difficulty defining and confirming its actual social, economic, and even cultural identity (Young, 2012). The adage after colonisation equates to during colonisation (Gimba, 2014) helps to explain this in part since it states that the people's international liberation from colonial rulers has not resulted in any appreciable improvement.Instead, it appears that these nations' current socioeconomic conditions are significantly worse than they were before and during colonialism. Africa's economy is still far from reaching its full potential, and it is still seen as the world's most backward continent both from the inside and the outside.A few shortcomings are still being emphasised as factors escalating this stagnant state, including a quick population expansion, corruption, inadequate leadership, foreign debt, illnesses, illiteracy, high rates of poverty, and violence.
A conflict is a serious difference between two or more beliefs, ideas, or interests. It can also refer to a mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external/internal demands. It is counterproductive when competition over shared, finite, and diminishing natural resources leads to violent conflict worldwide (Adenkunle & Adisa, 2010; Moore, 2005). Consequently, conflicts between farmers and herders have existed from the beginning of time.Resource-based conflicts, however, are typically more volatile and intense when the opposing groups or resource users are members of different ethnic nationalities with disparate religious beliefs and sociocultural values, as is the case in Nigeria with crop farmers and cattle herders, and vice versa. This may help to explain why there are supposedly less herder-farmer disputes in the northern Nigerian core than in other regions of the country, particularly North-Central and Southern Nigeria.The ability of communal, tribal, and governmental leaders to effectively handle the recurring conflicts between farmers and herders by cooperative means can effectively reduce the likelihood of crises worsening whenever they arise. Water scarcity, desertification, unchecked population growth, rising unemployment rates, porous national borders, encroachment into grazing routes and reserves, nomadism, ignorance of grazing routes and laws, soil compartment and loss of soil fertility, crop damage by cattle, indiscriminate bush burning, politicisation, fake news and media propaganda, rural banditry and cattle rustling, insecurity in the Sahel region, proliferation of small harms, retaliation, inadequate government responses, discriminatory remarks (Adenkunle & Adisa, 2010; International Crisis Group, 2017; Umoh, 2017; and Chukwuemeka, Aloysius & Enah, 2018). Academic consensus indicates that the desired peace required for sustainable socio-economic development of rural and national economies would remain elusive and a mirage as long as the government(s) and key stakeholders do not overcome or eradicate the core causes of herders-farmers conflict (Okeke, 2014; International Crisis Group, 2017).
Federal, state, and municipal governments, together with important players such as academic institutions, religious organisations, ethnic groups, politicians, political parties, civil society organisations, media, and the global community, have come up with a number of ways to lessen or resolve the situation in an effort to bring about peace.The ranching and anti-open grazing bills are the two suggestions that have been made. While President Muhammadu Buhari's federal administration has shown a predilection for ranching, several state governments in the south and middle belt have given the no-open grazing legislation top priority.Ranching is supported by the federal government on the grounds that it will limit the movement of cattle, promote sedentary settlements for herders, improve cultural integration, and draw veterinary hospitals, research centres, abattoirs, leather and dairy factories as well as other livestock support services.The state's anti-open grazing bill, on the other hand, is based on the necessity to safeguard the lives, crops, and properties of native farmers as well as prevent the Fulani tribes' alleged Islamization of the Middle Belt and South Eastern regions of Nigeria through herding. Since then, both the Federal Government of Nigeria and the impacted states have started enforcing the no-open grazing rule and ranching, provided that state governments have given their approval.Confusion, mistrust, anxiety, and fear are all on the rise in our country, seemingly due to the absence of a consensual answer. It is based on this background that the present study seeks to examine Middle East conflicts and response analysis in Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Conflicts in the Middle East have had a major impact on Nigeria, a nation in West Africa (Marc et al., 2015). The stability, security, and humanitarian situations of the region are greatly affected by these wars.Multinational oil firms' (MNOCs') unethical usage of resources in concert with the federal government has been blamed for crises in this region (Habiba, 2018). Many local communities in the region have grown frustrated and angry as a result of the oil multinationals' casual attitude towards allocating significant resources to corporate social responsibility, their poor oil production practices that result in environmental harm from gas flaring and oil spills, and their inadequate response to local communities' requests for greater involvement in the management and distribution of resources.As a result, the indigenous population has become more hostile, militant, and violent in an attempt to get a fair share of resources from the government and MNOCs. Demands from local communities abruptly evolved into calls for political autonomy as well as for the use and management of their financial resources (Crisis group 2006).For response measures to be effective, it is imperative that one understands the nature of these conflicts and their effects on Nigeria. It is based on this background that the present study seeks to examined the Middle East conflicts and response analysis in Nigeria.
The following questions will guide this study;
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to examine the Middle East conflicts and response analysis in Nigeria. Other objectives of the study include;
Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses will be tested;
Hypothesis 1
H01: There is no significant effect of effects of Middle East conflicts on the economic growth of Nigeria
Hypothesis 2
H02: There is no significant relationship between Middle East conflicts and economic growth of Nigeria
The findings of this study will help Nigeria to know the causes of conflict in the Middle East and how to manage the situation so that it does not affect the economy of the country.
The findings of this study will also help the industries to know how this conflict can affect productivity among the employees of the company.
The findings of this study will enable the Nigerian government to provide effective conflict resolution strategies can foster social stability, reduce tensions, and improve livelihoods.
Addressing why Nigerians are so concerned with the Middle East Crisis is not only paramount but legitimate if the country deserves peaceful coexistence between Christians and Muslims in the country to be sustained.
The findings of this study will enable the oil and gas firms to address environmental concerns, protect natural resources, and promote sustainable practices.
Findings from this study inform policy decisions. Policymakers can use research findings to design effective regulations, allocate resources, and create frameworks that encourage peaceful coexistence, responsible resource management, and equitable distribution of benefits.
This study is limited to the conflict resolution in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. This study will focus on the major conflict arising from the Niger and Northen regions in Nigeria.The quantitative and historical method adopted in provides us with clear perspective into our research problem by giving us the opportunity to understand the historical details and accurate account of the past and use it to discuss the present.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Conflict: Conflict refers to a serious disagreement or argument between individuals, groups, or entities. It arises when opposing opinions, needs, or principles clash.
Resolution: Resolution is the process of reducing or separating something into constituent parts or components.
Middle East Conflict: Middle East conflict refers to a complex and longstanding series of political, social, and military tensions in the region. It involves various countries, ethnic groups, and ideologies, often rooted in historical grievances, territorial disputes, and religious differences.
Conflict Resolution: Conflict resolution is the process by which two or more parties engaged in a disagreement, dispute, or debate reach an agreement to resolve it. It involves a series of stages, actors, models, and approaches that may depend on the type of confrontation and the surrounding social and cultural context.
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